Yearly Archives: 2012

My Late Grandfather, Lesley Baker
My Grandfather, Leslie Baker in his prime

This is my late grandfather’s account of the Welsh mining strike of 1926. My grandfather, Leslie Baker was only a child at school at this time and he offers a unique perspective on this historical strike. He went on to become a coal miner himself after finishing school and I think I remember him saying that he started working the mines at the young age of around 14.

He had slightly damaged lungs and a damaged finger as a reminder from the back-breaking and dangerous work that was involved. During World War 2  he worked as a look out on top of Bath Abbey with a siren to signal bombing runs. This was probably one of the luckiest job choices he made, as the house he was staying in was actually bombed whilst he was working. A lucky escape!

A Red Glow Over The Valley (1926 Welsh Mining Strike)

A big surprise awaited us children way back in the year 1926, for who should walk into our classroom but none other than their worships the Mayor and Mayoress of Tunbridge Wells, the spa town in the county of Kent.

Immediately our eyes were riveted on the Mayoral chains, “real gold mind you” was the general comment amongst us. Our school was situated in a small mining village near Port Talbot called Abercregan, not even being on the map, and here we were confronted by these two distinguished visitors. In awe we stood to attention, still wide-eyed at the sight of those gold chains of office.

Well that left the question – was our school that exclusive that these people should give us the distinction of visiting us over other places of learning? Well, the answer was not at all, as they were visiting us at a time of privation and strife. This was prompted by the longest coal mining strike in British history and the year 1926 went down in history as a result of this bitter and lasting breakdown of industrial relations of the time.

Now back to the classroom. Still dazed by all that gold on show, we heard our teacher’s voice as if in a dream . . . “Get your song sheets out”, then out came the tuning fork and we burst into song “Ar hyd yr nos” (All Through The Night). When it was over there were smiles of approval on the faces of our guests. I suppose that this was one of the best ways of thanking these people for their contribution to our needs as children, who were caught up in this memorable strike and to all the citizens of Tunbridge Wells. Back to the strike now and all its implications to children and grown ups alike . . .

The coal owners wanted to take off a shilling from the price list of a ton of hewed coal and there was total rejection of this repugnant act on the part of the miners and this in turn led to a total stoppage throughout the South Wales coalfield. The seeds of conflict were therefore sown in productive conditions and soon sprouted to bitterness and frustration. I was only ten years of age at that time and my first recollections were of being awakened out of my sleep by my mother, then going outside the house and being confronted by a red glow over the valley, for which the cause was a granary belonging to the Glenavon Colliery Co. It was set well alight and despite the heroic efforts of fire brigades from far and wide, it was gutted out and hundreds of pounds worth of horses feed was destroyed. As this fire was on the other side of the valley from where we lived, we watched it in comparative safety. This physical reaction on the part of the miners led to more confrontation, and part of the Devon and Somerset Constabulary were brought in to reinforce the local police.

Old Welsh Mining Colliery

As the strike went on into its third month, new words entered my vocabulary, including ‘scab’ and ‘blackleg’. One particular incident stands out in my memory; one day as I was walking over the railway bridge at Cymmer station a group of miners on their way home who were flanked by police ran into some strikers and what a scene that was, men cowering under verbal insults and the cry of ‘blackleg’ ringing across the narrow valley. The black faces of the miners in their equally black working clothes were in stark contrast to those protecting them! The policemen’s shining helmets and buttons and their spiked head piece gave the impression that they were 7 feet tall, no wonder then that this bizarre situation was etched in my memory.

The longer the strike went on, so did money become scarce, so much so that it became a story of valiant sacrifice on the part of mothers mostly, who bore the brunt of seeing their children being brought up on a diet that could have serious effects in the long term. This was the allowance given to strikers in those by-gone days . . . no cash whatsoever, only a piece of paper with an allowance for the bare necessities was written on it, even excluding butter and meat. So the hole in the nation’s money bag led to holes in socks, shoes, pockets and savings which ended up in eventually going to school in bare feet (boys and girls), for at least three months of the year until the press published our plight and Tunbridge Wells adopted our village, alongside other towns which did the same for various other places. Now the strike entered its 6th month and feelings ran high with still no compromise on either side.

Well, something had to be done and quickly as regards to our food shortage problem, more so as regards to us children, as it was of course a vital time in our growth. The solution came in the form of soup kitchens and the Miner’s Institute was commandeered for this purpose, the menu was tea, bread and jam for breakfast and dinner was split pea soup which was our diet for the duration of the strike for which the end was nowhere in sight.

Blackened miners returning from work

The longer it lasted, the more tempers rose. Men were reduced to smoking a weed not unlike the dock plant; it was put into ovens and dried. Also, many a young man left and joined the army, leaving the pits forever, whilst other inhabitants left the valley rather than face the privation that came in the wake of this destructive strike. I mentioned the Devon and Somerset police – they were billeted outside this troubled area, but every day they came up in buses to patrol the one narrow and twisting road that went up through this valley with steep mountains on either side.

The teachers of our school must have been good on the subject of history, or was it natural instinct? I will dwell on history first, as the best instrument in the Welsh armoury was the plentiful supply of natural rocks on the mountain summits, to hurl down on the invaders of their country, which they did in the case of the Romans and the Brits. They still left plenty behind for future years and this was no exception to the rule.

Now for the part about natural instinct, well, here were the enemy chariots driving up this tortuous road every day, so the leader of these strikers could not fail to see the significance of the rocks high above this road. All that was required were a few crow bars to prize them loose and no doubt like the ardent warriors of by-gone years they forgot one important lesson, the steepness of the mountain and the fact that most of the rocks just bounced over this strategic road.

The militants grew bolder as the strike lingered on and devious ways of taking more action were conjured up at various meetings. I expect that the leading point on the agenda was stiffer opposition to the police, who gave protection to both the colliery and the blacklegs. To prove this statement, into the house walked my brother and brother-in-law one morning after attending one of these meetings. They had been issued with pick handles and in the course of their conversation I heard that others had been given crow bars. Then after some punitive attempts  at blocking the road, the police decided to stop this ploy before it got out of hand. This led to a confrontation of the first order in this campaign of police versus miners.

That day I am now referring to will go down in the annals of the school. We were allowed on the school wall for the first time. We were usually told to get down from the wall at best if we were caught on top of it, at worst we would have a whacking from Dai Davies, the headmaster. So, the top of the wall was sacred to the teachers (or so it seemed to us school boys).

Why then was that day different from any other day? Well, here is the story and the wall that defied school tradition just this once . . .

We went out at play time as usual that afternoon in the year of 1926, then we heard shouts on the opposite side of the valley, the reason being that the strikers had grouped their forces at the base of the mountain, ready to go up to the crags to loosen a few more rocks and try to shut off the road. However, on this occasion the police were waiting on the top of the mountain, already having gained the advantage of taking this vantage point. This then was a delicate situation for the miners, should they retreat or do battle? As a group they looked no doubt to their two leaders and the shouts we heard confirmed the answer – ‘To battle!’ So here we were, the spectators of this real encounter between pick shafts and helmet and truncheon. The sauce added to this was that we had seemed to have won a battle ourselves, as the teachers surrendered the wall to us that afternoon (no doubt an open air history lesson), not even the school bell rang at the end of playtime, so the rest of the day was ours.

Meanwhile, from our vantage point we watched as miners went up to their Waterloo, because like the Romans against the Ancient Britts, the superior armour was the classic answer to victory or defeat, and when these two forces finally came close enough, the helmet and the truncheon won the day.

The two leaders went down like logs as they wore only cloth caps and the rest were widely scattered, the will being there but not the way, as we have witnessed throughout history. All this was viewed from the top of the school wall, with the teachers being just as interested as we were – this being the real thing and not the Keystone Kops at the local picture house.

What happened to the two leaders? Well they were sent to Swansea Jail for 6 months, being their reward for keeping His Majesty’s police in practice, but what a home-coming they received at the end of their sentence . . . I can see it now as vivid as ever. Nearly all the men in the village were at the local station, and as the train steamed in and came to a halt, our heroes stepped out amidst the shouts of welcome and then straight on to the shoulders of their mates. In this way they were transported to the village and home to the strains of ” . . . for they are jolly good fellows.” After all those efforts there were still plenty of rocks left on that particular mountain and the road at this point is still as narrow as ever – even to this year of writing  (the year 1979).

As the year drew to its close, suddenly there was hope that the strike was coming to an end! I heard more about the SANKEY award and the name of A J Cook, the miners’ leader in those last few days than ever before, and I remember my mother coming in with a newspaper saying ‘It’s all over!’. Twelve months of conflict came to an end but it left its mark. It took many years to recover the losses incurred. For instance, there was a year’s backlog of rent to be paid for and the Colliery Co. owned the houses that we lived in. Young skilled miners had joined the army as I mentioned earlier on in this story, never to return to coal mining.

The people of the valley could still smile in spite of all the hardships, as us kids now had butter as well as jam, but we still had split pea soup for dinner.

So ended this momentous strike and as I began with Tunbridge Wells, so I will end by saying a big thank you to the citizens of this famous spa of this period I have written about, for their mutual concern about us children, characterised by their gifts of shoes and clothing. Curiously, I am writing this in Bath, which was its greatest rival in the heyday of spas.

I wonder if there is anyone living in Tunbridge who remembers any of this in the year 1926?

I will conclude now with this saying:

“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”

 

Leslie Baker

 

Gwyn Thomas recalls his memories of the General Strike 1926 – a time when being a coal miner was steeped in depression.

(Narration is a bit grim, but there is some good footage of this time in the video)

My Late Grandfather, Lesley Baker

My Grandfather, Leslie Baker in his prime

This article about a fox hunting was written by my late grandfather, Leslie Baker who spent his childhood years in Wales.

My grandfather loved nature and was always taking me for walks when I was younger, up and around Bathampton rocks and the surrounding hills near Bath, England, which will always be fond memories for me and quality time spent with him. This article gives a unique insight into what it must have been like around 80 years ago to have grown up in this period. So here is my grandfather’s account of ‘The Most Remarkable Fox In Welsh History.’

The Most Remarkable Fox In Welsh History

Fox hunting is a volatile subject these days, but in my younger days (I am speaking of the 1920s) there was only one solution to the problem, as far as Welsh sheep farmers were concerned, and that was organised hunting of the most cunning of wild creatures. It was understandably so, as in the lambing season they had grim reminders of what the fox was capable of doing to the lambs, so then it was a necessity and not a sport, for this alone Reynard was branded a ruthless killer.

How we looked forward to these seasonal hunts as children, horses prancing, hounds baying the shouts of men, and all this made up the atmosphere or vigour that contributed to the fox hunting scene. The village echoed with the sound of hounds, horses’ hooves and local dogs barking in protest at this intrusion.

The place where all this happened used to be in a remote area in our younger days called the Afan Valley, which was approximately 8 miles long, flanked by mountains and ideal sheep country. They came from all parts of Glamorgan to make up the numbers for this hunt. Farmers and professional men all united in this common purpose of hunting this predator, and they were well prepared for this as they brought with them the finest pack of hounds in Wales, known as the Tynewydd Pack, bred exclusively for fox hunting . . . an elite set of hounds indeed. Tynewydd by the way is situated at the head of the Rhondda Valley, being a mining village close to Treherbert, so these hounds were well acquainted with this mountainous terrain.

Tynewydd

Tynewydd Mining Town In Wales Back In The Day

When they came to our part of the valley, they were made welcome at the Abercregan Hotel, as this was an ideal place, as it contained a large yard at the rear where horses and hounds could be left in comparative safety.

Whilst the hounds were rested in preparation for the off, the huntsmen refreshed themselves and no doubt span tales about their exploits and about ‘the one that got away’, a tale loved by fishermen and the crux of this story. This story is precisely about one that did just that, but as the hunt has not yet started yet, we will have to wait for this particular fox and the fishy ending to this unusual story.

While all this was taking place behind closed doors, us kids waited, listening to the hounds baying . . . all that talent and energy, bolted up, so to speak, especially those inside the Hotel.

Nevertheless it was obvious to us that this was something worth waiting for, after all, apart from this, our only treat was the visit of a steamroller to the village along with a water cart. This may seem old fashioned today, but the end product was more effective than that of today. I can picture that steamroller now snorting and pushing clouds of steam up into the air, brassed, shining and bringing to the village all that was best in steam, including the sooty, smiling face of the driver of this machine. After rolling the tarmacadam, the water cart was an added attraction, sprinkling the road surface, water hissing on the hot surface and providing us with a lovely fresh smell. All this was intriguing to our young minds, but the huntsmen were coming out now and looking very pleased with themselves. They opened the doors of the yard, examined their riding equipment, mounted their horses and took great pains to be well groomed. Then the hounds poured out and waited for their master.

Steam Roller

1920s Steam Roller

Once more we admired the colour provided for us, huntsmen with their black caps and scarlet coats, the beautiful colours of the hounds and the black and brown of the horses that were groomed to perfection.

Our attention was now drawn to the lead huntsman, who was a commanding figure of a man, about 6 ft 3 ins and well built, and if left to our imaginations running riot, we pictured him as the man who had led the Charge of the Light Brigade. However, on a more down-to-earth note, our special fox was sleeping away, probably dreaming of Welsh mutton whilst all this was going on. Most of us have heard those lines from that well known hunting song, ‘John Peel . . . for the sound of his horn woke me from my bed’. So when at last the huntsman gave a mighty blast on his horn, which was his privilege to do, he not only startled the horses, hounds and the kids, but he woke up this particular fox, as he was ready for them.

With that blast the hunt was on, and we followed them so far, but then it was ‘Tally Ho’, and they were gone. That afternoon in February, they were to take on the most cunning fox in the Afan Valley.

After flushing him out, he made straight for the Glenavon bottom level, and disappeared into this labyrinth of mine workings with the hounds in full cry that went in after him. Here then was a panic situation created by this clever fox. When the huntsmen arrived at the entrance of the level a few moments later, the man in charge remarked, “We’ve lost them for sure, as they will never find their way out of that maze of tunnelling.” However, there was among them the right man at the right time who came up with an idea (who probably had some kippers for breakfast, supplying him with the inspiration . . . they say fish for brains) . While the rest  were anxiously waiting for this exclusive pack to come out, he very promptly got hold of a pair of kippers and hung them up at the mouth of the mine.

As the fresh air went in by this way, so did that aroma of kippers, and it was not long before the hounds appeared at the entrance, guided by that smell, much to the delight of the huntsmen, as they were too valuable a pack to risk sending down again. Off they went to another part of the valley. There is no doubt that given time the hounds would have found the fox. Out the cunning creature came, in his own good time, little knowing that he was now a celebrity, as famous as the pack of hounds that had chased him. He must be the most famous fox in Wales, being the only one of his kind to be saved by a pair of Scotch kippers . . . which brings some truth to the saying, ‘There’s more than one way of killing a pig’, there’s also more than one way of saving a fox’s life.

 

Leslie Baker

Icon for Red Square walkthrough
Having trouble clearing the Red Square level in Blazing Angels 2? You have come to the right article! I will show you how to clear the Red Square level, just keep reading this article to find out how to win . . .
When I played Blazing Angels 2 I really enjoyed playing the game but when I got to the Red Square level it almost seemed impossible to clear, in fact, I almost put the game away because of it. I have seen many comments on YouTube and the Internet from people that have given up and abandoned any hope of clearing this level because it is so difficult.

Do not let anyone else tell you otherwise, I have cleared and finished this game recently and can say for sure that this is the hardest level in the game. Granted, the last level in this game is challenging, but Red Square  in Blazing Angels 2 seems near on impossible. I’m giving instructions for Blazing Angels 2 on the X-box, so the PS3 should be similar, but the PC version is slightly easier, so people say.

Here is a short list of frustrations you may have been experiencing:

1) You are destroying all the enemies as quickly as you can, but the red dots just keep appearing on the radar.

2) Red Square’s health bar keeps going down and down.

3) On the Internet, people are advising you to just destroy all the red dots/enemies, but it just doesn’t work.

4) You are waiting for the Russians to give you rocket strike / spotting capabilities but it just doesn’t come.

5) You get near the end of the game but the health bar being depleted always beats you to it.

6) You destroy the attacking last convoy, but you still don’t clear the level.

7) Planes just keep appearing.

8 ) You feel like throwing the game in the bin after multiple attempts.

And . . . here is the solution:

Okay, here we go . . . I’ll try and be as clear as I possibly can and include a few screenshots here too.

  • Step 1 – First of all, get the easy bit done by flying in formation over Red Square. You no doubt know by now not to stray too far from the formation, otherwise you will fail the objective. If you were like me, you probably played this over and over and are bored sick of this bit by now.
  • Step 2 – Send your wingman into attack mode from the very start to the end. Destroy as many planes as you can before they start dropping parachutes, fly towards the first oncoming wave and attack them as early as you can. Use missiles only to destroy planes and ground targets. Don’t waste time using the plane’s machine guns.
Shooting down parachutes
  • Step 3 – When the first parachutes begin to drop, go after them. For the parachutes, this is the only time where it is good to use your machine guns – for parachutes only. Forget the planes from now on until you clear all parachutes and ground targets. Just to emphasise this important point – GO FOR PARACHUTES AND GROUND TARGETS – FORGET THE PLANES FOR NOW.
  • Step 4 – When you receive a warning that dive bombers are beginning their run on Red Square – IGNORE THEM. That’s right, just take no notice and keep on pounding the ground targets after you’ve shot down as many parachutes as you can. So why do you have to ignore all planes? Because this level is programmed so that the enemy planes only stop appearing when all ground targets (the little square dots on the radar) are eliminated.
  • Step 5 – When you are launching missiles at ground targets, they will usually be in groups of around 5 units. Keep launching missiles at the same group until that whole group is eliminated, otherwise you will waste time coming back later on to finish off stragglers. To finish off stragglers, the quickest way is to launch your missiles and if there are 1 or 2 left, go to do a loop the loop. However, when your plane’s nose is pointing skyward half way through the loop, stay vertical and put on maximum speed and climb for about 5 seconds. Then complete the loop, but then slow down and aim your plane’s nose at the ground, launch missiles at the remaining target and then pull up before you hit the ground. This method is better than time consuming flybys. Only fire a missile at a plane if it happens to cross your path on your way to the next group of ground units. If you can, lock on to missile replenishment planes and send your wingman on a special attack to destroy it. This way you will have enough missiles. Hopefully you will have spent your prestige points on extra ammo carrying capabilities, so that you are able to carry double the amount of missiles.
Ground Targets

Destroying Ground Targets

  • Step 6 – When Margarite gives you a message about the Russians getting ready to launch missiles and want you to be a spotter – IGNORE THE MESSAGE. That’s right, the Russian missile barrage comes at the very end of this level and is pretty useless anyway. Margarite also advise you to ‘Keep your distance in the meantime’ – IGNORE THIS MESSAGE TOO. It makes absolutely no sense, and no doubt many players fly away to keep their distance and see that the level is still playing as usual, only to realise that they have wasted valuable time staying away from what? This message is misleading.
  • Step 7 – When all of the ground targets are destroyed, there will be 3 or 4 planes still buzzing around, (note: there may be more than this as it varies) but the good news is that the way this level is programmed, there will be no more new waves of planes. DESTROY THE REMAINING PLANES. If you go after the end invading convoy without finishing off the remaining planes, the game level still plays and you have to go back and finish them off and by that time it will be too late as the Red Square health bar will be depleted.
  • Step 8 – If you have gotten this far . . . congratulations! You will see that Red Square’s health is not going down now. You probably have about 5 to 25% of Red Square health left. That’s all we need. We now need to fly fast and GO AFTER THE INVADING CONVOY. You’ll see it on your radar as a long line of red dots.
Invading Convoy

End Invading Convoy

  • Step 9 – It is about now that the near on useless Russian missile strike option comes up as you are flying toward the invading convoy. On the X-box you select a target as normal and then press the ‘X’ button to order the strike. Use this, but you’ll have to finish off the convoy yourself, again by flying over the target and loop the looping to destroy all remaining stragglers.
  • Step 10 – If you followed all of these steps and destroy the last remaining straggler from the end invading convoy – WELL DONE! You will receive the ‘mission completed’ message and you will move on to the next stage.

After this, you will go on to a different objective. I’m not going to spoil your fun by telling you about this as it’s a breeze to complete and very fun. I honestly think that the developers should amend the difficulty of this level as many people give up on the game out of frustration from multiple attempts. It’s not that the combat is hard, it’s more about being confused as to the methods you must use.

Video Of Red Square Level Being Completed by garatina265:


Please leave a comment if this article helped you and feel free to add any tips and tricks for Blazing Angels 2, Red Square or any other level in the game.

By the way, if there is anyone reading this blog just itching to put a comment in like ‘I completed this level on the first attempt’ or ‘This level is easy’ or even ‘It took me just 15 minutes to clear’ . . . On behalf of all the frustrated Blazing Angels players and myself, I have to say – keep it to yourself, we don’t want to hear about it, you’ll only make us feel bad trying to clear this Red Square nightmare level;)

 

Spice Bandits by Chillingo is a universal tower defence game where you have to loot and raid Earth’s supplies and use their materials to build your defence arsenal . . . Tower Defence 4 people who love these types of games.

First of all, this is not a pick up and play, easy type game where you don’t have to think. This game is complex and takes a while to figure out, but if you spend the time to learn the ropes in this game it is a rewarding experience to play this tower defence game. The story starts with you being in charge of the bad guys – intergalactic pirates hell-bent on looting and conquering worlds for their own gain. The game has a great starting tutorial where you attend a training camp under the ocean. There are pop up tips throughout the game too.

Here’s the complicated part: there are at least 4 types of currency available in the game, which is overkill. First you have spice, then you have upgrade points, then you have points to unlock different towers and also normal cash points to use in the game. Spice points can be traded in for upgrade points. So you see that it takes a little getting used to all these in game currency types. However, once you get your head around this the game is quite simple.

Like any conventional tower defence 4 players into this kind of game you start off with a map and place towers on different zone areas, in this case, Spice Bandits use hexagons. What makes this tower defence game different is that you have special spell making abilities to choose from, such as ‘freeze’ which immediately freezes all of your enemies if they make there way close to your home base. Also, my favourite magic spell is the ‘disco’ music spell, which plays disco music to confuse the enemies so that they stray off in random directions.

There is an in-app purchase option if you want to add upgrade credits. Be careful when playing levels not build towers when they are not needed as you may need money credits for the next level. It is better to build just the amount of towers needed and then carry forward the credit remainder to help on more advanced levels. When you begin clearing levels you can unlock different game modes, such as 2 player mode etc.

This game is free and provides many hours of gameplay. If you are looking for a tower defence game with a bit more complexity, and this is the type of tower defence 4 you then this is the game to download.

Icon For Celtic Blog
What is a Celtic? The Celtic society was mostly based on class and kingship with society revolving around 3 groups, warriors, intellectuals and poets, not including the ordinary layman Celt. In this culture they did not write anything down, so clues as to their society comes from artwork and accounts by other cultures.
Coinage used by the Celts probably consisted mostly of axe-heads, bells and rings, as well as other bronze items. The Celts were usually seen as great bareback horseback riders and very fit with blonde hair, due to repeatedly washing their hair in lime water and also using lime soap as a kind of hair gel.

Interestingly, the Celtic men were quite open about being gay and many Celtic men preferred male lovers instead of women in many cases, the Celtic men also preferred to sleep together, rather than with women. Celtic men were reported to offer themselves to complete strangers and annoyed if their advances were rejected. Other accounts say that male bonding rituals may have been mistaken for gay behaviour.

So what is a Celtic person’s religion?

The human head was held as sacred by the Celts and if you had a human head on the table in your home, your neighbours would have been especially impressed. The heads were thought to have supernatural powers from beyond. They would cut off the heads of their enemies and attach them to the reins of their horses before embalming them in cedar oil to preserve them and keep them as trophies.

For criminals, they would often construct wicker men and fill the huge wicker contraptions with their enemies and set it alight. It is said that some people would throw themselves into the flames voluntarily to offer themselves to the many gods that the Celts worshipped.

Halloween comes from Celtic religion, where they believed that spirits (usually with human bodies but with animal heads) would rise from under the ground to haunt people on that day.

The Celts were situated between lands stretching between the British Isles all the way to Gallatia. There were six Celtic languages spoken by the Celts in total, depending on the location of the tribe. The Celts were around way before Jesus and the arrival of Christianity and were mostly found in the Isle of Man, Scotland, Ireland, Brittany, Cornwall and France.

The Celts were around in the ‘Iron Age’ and they usually lived in roundhouses made of daub (mud, straw and tail) with the roof being matted with straw. The centre of the roundhouse was where there was usually a fire for keeping warm and for cooking food.

Roundhouse - CelticThe Celts would prefer to build their roundhouses on hill forts, which consisted of high walls and a deep ditch to fend off attackers more effectively.

Over 1000 Iron Age hill forts have been found to have existed in Wales alone.

The location would have been a place with good farmland and a reliable water source. The Celts main crop was corn and they kept pigs, goats, horses and sheep.

These hill forts didn’t do much in the way of keeping back the Roman invasion however. The Romans were more advanced in their knowledge of warfare. The Celts stuck together in their individual tribes, whereas the Romans fought together as a well organised team. The Romans had tactics that were way ahead of the fearsome all out charge with aggression that the Celts used.

The Celts loved brightly coloured clothes, and tartan from Scotland was probably born from Celtic fashion. They even painted their bodies with colourful paint to produce patterned decorations. If you happened to be an important member of the tribe, you would probably wear a gold, silver or iron torc, again decorated with patterns.

The Celtic soldiers would tie their hair back or sometimes spike their hair up. If you were a very important soldier you would probably be sporting a bronze helmet. Celtic soldiers would paint patterns on their shields. What the Celts lacked in writing systems they made up for in art. They were arguably one of the most artistic cultures around.

The Celts had multiple gods and goddesses and would offer sacrifices to the gods. They would even throw weapons and gifts into rivers or lakes or any place that they considered sacred. The Druids were the Celts’ priests and were very well respected.

Not much is known about the Druids, as the Romans tried to extinguish any power that the Druids had.

After Roman occupation the Celts and Romans often clashed as the two cultures were quite different. However, after a few generations, Celts began marrying Romans and many Celts adopted the Roman language, education system and lifestyle. The Romans built excellent road systems and ports, advanced the Celtic lifestyle and changed it in many ways.

So what is a Celtic now in modern times?

After 400 years of occupation by the Romans, it is nice to see that Celtic tradition still lives on in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Brittany. Many people even still regard themselves as Celts, albeit mostly dreadlocked-haired, new age individuals playing acoustic guitars and wearing Bob Marley T-shirts 😉

Image of Hetty Green - The Witch of Wall Street

Hetty Green was known as ‘The Witch of Wall Street’ by people a century ago and was one of the most eccentric and odd characters ever in history. She was the world’s richest woman, but also one of the world’s most stingiest people.
Her parents were wealthy people who owned a whaling business, and at the age of two she was sent to live with her grandfather because of her mother’s poor health. Her parents and grandfather lived very frugal lives, despite being very wealthy, which perhaps paved the way to Hetty’s strange obsession with hoarding money.

Due to her grandfather’s poor eyesight, she would regularly read him the financial papers from the young age of six years old. Here, she began to get an insight into the financial world. She opened her own bank account at the age of eight and would regularly get money from her family as a reward for good behaviour. She was popular with the family because at that age she was cute and had very striking blue eyes. You can see from the picture above that these eyes became a little scary looking in her old age, as she looks as if she is about to cast a dark spell on someone.

Being a little spoilt, when she started school she would rebel at the rules, often refusing to eat her school dinners. She was used to getting her own way after all.

When she reached the age of 21 she came into 7 and a half million dollars in inheritance. Shortly after this she played the stock market on Wall Street to multiply this amount many times over.

She married Edward Henry Green in her thirties who had his own money trading tobacco, silk and tea. They were married in 1867 and had two children, Sylvia and Ned. From this moment on she became even more eccentric.

‘The Witch of Wall Street’ would walk to the grocery store and buy broken cookies in a bulk buy and looked for the cheapest milk she could find to give her cat. It is rumoured that she once spent many hours frantically looking for a 2 cent stamp that she had lost.

Once, when her son was ill, she dressed up to disguise herself and appear poor, so that she could get her son treated for free. However, when people realised who she was she was refused and she reportedly ran out rasping that she would treat her son herself. She was not willing to pay for a doctor to treat her son, which resulted in her son losing his leg to gangerine.

She said that she maintained her own good health by chewing on baking onions which is not an attractive thought. She died when she reached the respectable age of 90.

Although she was stingy, it is said that she would occasionally give a nickel as a tip to someone  who had shown her kindness.

When the bottom of her skirt became ingrained with dirt and dust, she instructed the laundry to only wash the bottom of the skirt to save on costs.

Children were not surprisingly scared of her and ran a mile when they saw her coming down the street.

When she died she left one hundred million dollars of liquid assets to her children. Her children were more generous than Hetty and donated an experimental radio station to Dartmouth College and the Hetty Green Hall at Wellesley College.

Hetty’s house was in such a poor state of repair where she had skimped on repair costs that the house had to be demolished.

To give some credit to Hetty Green, otherwise known as ‘The Witch of Wall Street’ she did not, as most infamous stingy old women do, give her entire fortune to a cat’s shelter. Despite having her son’s leg amputated, at least he would have lived a comfortable life.

Bull Shark Icon
What shark springs to mind as the most feared shark in the water? The Great White of course, but what about the Bull Shark? It can not only swim in saltwater, but can swim in freshwater too and has carried out numerous attacks on unsuspecting victims in the most unexpected of places.
The Bull Shark is known for it’s aggressive behaviour and often lurks around tropical shores. It can swim into freshwater far inland up rivers and tributaries.

The bull shark has gained it’s name by the blunted snout and stocky frame that it sports. They are also very fast moving sharks and very agile. They often begin an attack by head butting their intended prey. Human beings are not first on their list of meals, rather dolphins, crabs, sea turtles and boney fish remain their favourite delicacy. However, they will sometimes attack humans unexpectedly. They are ranked as the top 3 shark species that are liable to attack a human being, alongside the Great White and the Tiger Shark.

They are not the biggest sharks around, instead they sport a medium sized frame. Although one study has given evidence that the Bull Shark’s length has reduced slightly over recent years and was bigger in the past. However, they still grow up to 3.4 metres in length.

Bull Sharks usually hunt their prey alone and protect their territory by attacking other sea animals trespassing in their area. Bull sharks like shallow water which is why they pose a threat to humans. The movie ‘Jaws’ was based on a flurry of attacks on the Jersey Shore in 1916. Some people speculate that bull sharks may have been responsible.

Bull Sharks have swum up the Ganges River and Sydney Harbour inlets and attacked people. They particularly love the brackish waters found around the mouths of rivers. A Bull Shark takes around 10 years to become fully grown and mature and measures in length at around 70 cm long at birth.

The Bull Shark is an ‘apex predator’ which means that it has no other animal that threatens them on the food chain, unless it is a human who happens to be fishing for them. The only report of another animal ever attacking a Bull Shark was of saltwater crocodiles making a meal of young bull sharks in Northern Australia.

Bull Sharks are brave creatures and have been reported to swim up to spear fishermen. About 95% of all shark attacks take place in less than 6 ft or water. Splashing around in murky waters where bull sharks lurk may fool the Bull Shark into thinking that you are a tasty fish in trouble. Sharks rely on their senses rather than eyesight, so a bite is their way of feeling out the prey.

In reality though, the chances of you being attacked by a bull shark or any other shark for that matter are extremely slim indeed. However, just in case you happen to run into one, here are some tips to survive a shark encounter . . .

1) Avoid steep drop-offs between sandbars as these places are hotspots for shark attacks.

2) Don’t be an idiot and touch dangerous sharks like they do on adventure documentaries, unless you do not fear a provoked attack. If you touch it’s tail fin then you are really playing with fire.

3) Swim as a group, as sharks like to pick their prey off individually.

4) Don’t urinate in the water. Sharks will be able to smell you a mile off.

5) Don’t wear shiny jewellery or brightly coloured clothing. So if a beach vendor tries to sell you glitter trunks with flashing disco lights beaded around the waistline, you know he’s trying to kill you.

6) Don’t swim near fishermen putting out bait or where there is blood from fishing in the water.

7) Negate the shark’s angle of attack if possible. Back up against a boat, rock or bouy, so that it has less angles to attack from. If you have time to think logically like this whilst being terrified out of your wits.

8 ) If you aren’t frozen with fear already, poke and punch at it’s eyes and gills. Don’t bother about kicking the shark in the nether regions as it won’t have any effect and will probably cost you a leg.

9) Use a weapon if possible. No I’m not saying that you might be lucky enough to be swimming around armed with a Kalashnikov, it could be your swim goggles or snorkel or a rock. No . . . don’t throw your trunks or bra at it as this will have no effect, and if you die you will want to die with dignity at least.

10) If you survive, it will be a story to tell for life and will overshadow anyone’s icebreaker in a conversation, even the latest football scores or latest TV series discussions. It’s a story you can tell anywhere, bar perhaps bedtime stories for young children or course.

As a final thought, some experts say that if a shark is about to attack you, you should remain still and put your whole head and body under water so that the shark has more chance of recognising you. In reality though, who would have the nerve to sit patiently below the water line, twiddling their thumbs, waiting to see if this method even works?

Personally, since watching ‘Jaws’ as a kid, sharks scare the hell out of me. I’ve swam with sharks at Disneyland in Florida, but they were only about 80 cm long and don’t attack.

I have what I think is the ultimate line of defence against shark attacks . . . I will flatly refuse to even get into water where there has ever been a shark attack. You’ll find me lounging around the hotel pool or sipping on a cocktail at the pool bar. No bull sharks there 😉

Bull Sharks Video By National Geographic:

Are rats really dangerous? Click here to find out . . .

Icon for Dev Interview

The following text interview is with Raoul Shah, who has developed apps on the iOS platform as well as on Android and Nook, with plans to port his apps to other platforms too. Raoul is brimming with confidence and also enjoys website design. There are many interviews with the big guns in app creations, but not so many interviews with up and coming developers who are creating apps.

1) Can you tell us a bit about yourself Raoul?

I am a excellent web designer and a programmer, (still learning)

2) What motivated you to start making apps?

One of my friends started making apps and I thought to myself, ‘I want to be on the app store also, and be featured on many websites and get money and hopefully get my LatinToGo App Featured by Apple Some day.’

3) What apps have you made so far and which is your most popular app right now?

I have made: LatinToGo, iStayConnected, Free App Monster, BalloonsPop, BalloonsPop HD, Calculate+. My most popular app I would say is BalloonsPop. Many kids love to interact with things they love.

4) What is your next planned app / future project?

I plan to spread my LatinToGo app through the BlackBerry app store and through other hit markets.

5) Can you tell us of any challenges or hurdles you’ve had to overcome in making apps?

When you’re making an app, your must have patience, as you cannot rush just to try and submit you app, as if there is a mistake, you won’t be able to do anything until a week or two later.

6) Do you develop for other platforms/devices other than iOS?

I develop for Android, Nook, and I will be soon developing for BlackBerry.

7) What advice would you give to someone thinking of starting to develop apps from scratch?

Take your time, don’t rush, and have fun!

8) What are your all time favourite apps by other developers, and why?

I have also been a very big fan of the HIT App Temple Run. I have spoken to the developer and he said that it took time to make it, but it was worth it. Temple Run has been a wild journey, and has been featured in more then 30+ countries and downloaded more than 27 million times since November 2011.

9) With so many apps now on the App Store, how do you make people aware of your apps?

I run a couple of blogs and I try to strive to spread my apps through developing forums and emails and family and friends.

10) Can you tell us any additional information about . . . well, just about anything related to developing and your experiences that you’d like to share?

Making apps is hard, But in the end, its 100% worth it!

Apps by Raoul Shah:

Raoul Shah's Apps

Screenshots of some of Raoul Shah’s apps:

Screenshots for BalloonsPop

 

Screenshots for Latin To Go

Thank you to Raoul for giving us a useful insight into creating apps.

Sign on side of road
The typical stereotypes that people give are that women drive slowly and men in general think that men are better drivers than women. But is this true? Who is the better car driver?
Most people also think that young people are more prone to drink driving. Again, is this true? In this post we will look at the real life facts behind this stereotypical type of thinking.

First of all, men have more accidents statistically than women. Women tend to drive seeking independence, whereas men often drive for the thrill of driving. In fact, if you are a woman, your insurance could be cheaper than a man’s because of this. Men also commit more driving violations than women. This is not surprising, as men have more testosterone, whereas women in general are calmer. Well, okay, not every woman obviously, there are the highly-strung, chain-smoking, high-maintenance type that swear under their breath. Just as you find men who are calm and controlled.

Age is a bigger factor in deciding what risk you present whilst driving. Younger people in general drive more erratically and there is evidence to support the fact that drivers between the ages of seventeen and twenty are most likely to be involved in an accident. Again, men almost twice as much as women in this age group are more at risk.

Half of all accidents involving young drivers happen in the dark, whereas only a third of accidents of this type in the dark happen to young women.

These stark differences in gender and driving habits remain constant until about the age of fifty-five. Maybe because male testosterone levels calm down and the X-box, weights and war movies get put on the back shelf, perhaps being replaced with golf clubs, TV and a National Trust a membership card.

Young men are more prone to closing the stopping distance gap in between their vehicle and the vehicle in front as a show of aggression to get the driver moving in front. This is a particular trait of a young male car driver.

Choice of speed is the number one factor in determining your chances of having an accident, so the fact that many men drive for thrills at higher speeds ends up in more accidents involving males.

However, in defence of young drivers, interestingly, young drivers are not as prone to drink driving compared to men aged between thirty and fifty.

Men are more likely to drop off to sleep when driving too, as men are more determined to drive for long distances without a break. Women are more practical in this regard and will take a break more regularly over a long driving distance.

So, it appears that you are safer hiring a woman driver rather than a man, even though statistically women drive slower.

So, next time someone moans about a woman driver driving slower than usual in front, re-examine her methods. Her insurance is probably cheaper, she avoids high speed accidents and is less likely to be involved in an accident in the first place.

In case you are wondering, I am a guy writing this blog post and not a woman. Personally, I don’t see the point in racing around and risking your life at high speeds and have taken a page out of my fellow females’ book. What’s the thrill in driving fast down a straight road anyhow? Much better to save the thrills for go-karting, scrambling or an X-Box game.

I admit though that I do sigh when people drive extremely slowly as I think that this is counterproductive and can be as dangerous as driving too fast. I don’t know why, but these people (male or female) usually drive beige coloured Volvos or old Mercedes.

This group of people are another niche group of drivers in their own right. Who would even go to a showroom and pick a beige coloured car in the first place? Have you ever asked someone to tell you their favourite colour, then get the reply ‘beige’? Not likely. I feel like falling asleep behind the wheel when I’m stuck behind one. I think that all beige coloured cars should be banned to discourage these people from taking to the road 😉

So, in a nutshell, it is fair to say that we won’t be seeing a surge in female formula one drivers, but in general they are better drivers statistically than men if you factor in driving violations and accidents. After all, you cannot argue with facts and statistics . . . So the answer to who is the best car driver, a man or a woman has to be . . . woman hands down.

SOCIAL

920FansLike
954FollowersFollow
772SubscribersSubscribe